Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview
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- The ethical imperative
- Poverty eradication
- Global warming and ozone depletion
- Biodiversity conservation
- Resource depletion
- The business imperative
- The legal and policy imperative
Major Tools for the Delivery of Sustainable Tourism
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- Biofuels
- Carbon offsetting
- European Emissions Trading Scheme
- The Gold Standard
- Community development
- Eco-design
- Life Cycle Analysis
- Multi-stakeholder groups
- The Kyoto Protocol
Sustainable Tourism in Practice
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- The air transport industry
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- Figure 1: Economic picture of global commercial aviation, 2000-08
- The Sustainable Aviation Report
- NB: Noise + air quality + surface access = local environment impacts
- Single European Sky
- Industry comment: Callum Thomas, Professor of Sustainable Aviation, Manchester Metropolitan University
- Airlines
- Operational policy measures
- Operational technological measures
- Air France-KLM Group
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- Figure 2: KLM key capacity figures, 2002-07
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- Figure 3: KLM in-flight fuel consumption and environmental efficiency, 2002-07
- Figure 4: KLM CO2 emissions, 2002-07
- Airports
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- Figure 5: A ledger book of airport sustainability impacts, 2005
- The Airport Operators Association (AOA) Environmental Guidance Manual (EGM)
- Car rental fleets
- Enterprise Rent-A-Car
- Cruise lines
- Holland America Line (HAL)
- Destinations
- The Hainan Declaration
- The Travel Foundation
- Destination examples
- The New Forest, Hampshire, UK
- Tobago
- Industry comment: Rosemarie Thomas, sustainability co-ordinator, The Travel Foundation Tobago
- Hotels and lodging
- The ITP’s Minimum Green Hotel Standards
- Apex Hotels
- Rail
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- Figure 6: Passenger kms 2006 versus base year* and 2005
- The Secure Stations Scheme
- Virgin Trains
- Tour operators and travel agencies
- Sustainability in supply chains
- A sustainable supply chain road map
- Step 3: Integrate sustainability into suppliers’ contracts
- First Choice
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- Figure 7: First Choice natural resource use, 2003-06
- Figure 8: First Choice employee survey rating environment and stakeholder performance, 2004-06
- The travelling public
What Next?
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- Emerging technology
- Future law and policy
- Weak areas
- The backpacker market
- Mass education
- An ethical non-long-haul travelling public
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